Color Cue in Facial Image Analysis
Birgitta Martinkauppi, Abdenour Hadid, and Matti Pietikäinen

12.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................
12.2 Color Cue and Facial Image Analysis ..................................................................................
12.3 Color Appearance for Color Cameras .................................................................................
       12.3.1 Color Image Formation and the Effect of Illumination ......................................................
       12.3.2 The Effect of White Balancing .................................................................................
                  12.3.2.1 Canonical Images and Colors .......................................................................
                  12.3.2.2 Noncanonical Images and Colors ...................................................................
12.4 Skin Color Modeling ....................................................................................................
       12.4.1 Color Spaces for Skin ..........................................................................................
       12.4.2 Skin Color Model and Illumination ............................................................................
       12.4.3 Mathematical Models for Skin Color ..........................................................................
                  12.4.3.1 Video Sequences ....................................................................................
12.5 Color Cue in Face Detection ..........................................................................................
       12.5.1 Overview of Color-Based Face Detection Methods ..........................................................
       12.5.2 Case Study: Face Detection Using Skin Locus and Refining Stages .......................................
                  12.5.2.1 Skin Detection Using a Skin Locus Model .........................................................
                  12.5.2.2 Verification Stages ..................................................................................
                  12.5.2.3 Experiments and Results ...........................................................................
12.6 Color Cue in Face Recognition ........................................................................................
12.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................
References ....................................................................................................................